African Spurred Tortoise

Centrochelys sulcata

Order: Testudines

Family: Testudinidae

Genus: Centrochelys

The African Spurred Tortoise—also known as the sulcata tortoise—is the third-largest tortoise species in the world and the largest mainland tortoise. Adults commonly reach 60 to 80 centimetres in shell length and can weigh over 90 kilograms, with exceptional individuals exceeding 100 kilograms. It is named for the distinctive spurs (or tubercles) on its hind legs, whose function is still not fully understood.

Its shell is light brown to yellowish with pronounced growth rings on each scute, and the skin is thick, wrinkled, and pale tan. Adapted to extreme arid environments, this tortoise is a powerful burrower, often creating deep tunnels to escape the desert heat.

Conservation Status: IUCN

Distribution

Native to the Sahel region—a transition zone between the Sahara Desert and more vegetated savannas. Countries include Mali, Chad, Sudan, Niger, and Ethiopia, but the species’ natural range is contracting.

Habitat

Prefers semi-arid grasslands, savannas, and desert edges. It avoids true desert and forest habitats but thrives in transitional zones with dry soils where it can dig deep burrows up to 3 metres to regulate body temperature and humidity.

Diet

Herbivorous. Feeds primarily on dry grasses, weeds, succulents, flowers, and leafy vegetation. In captivity, it requires a high-fibre, low-protein diet to prevent health issues. It can go long periods without water, drawing moisture from food and conserving it efficiently.

Reproduction

Breeding occurs during the rainy season, triggered by temperature and humidity changes. Males engage in competitive ramming displays. After mating, females lay 15 to 30 eggs in a shallow burrow. Incubation lasts around 90 to 120 days, depending on temperature. Hatchlings are vulnerable to predators, desiccation, and habitat disruption.